Abstract
Objective
We evaluated the power of slow sleep spindles during sleep stage 2 to clarify their
relationship with executive function, especially with attention, in children with
attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methods
Subjects were 21 children with ADHD and 18 aged-matched, typically developing children
(TDC). ADHD subjects were divided into groups of only ADHD and ADHD + autism spectrum
disorder (ASD). We employed the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to measure attention.
We focused on sleep spindle frequencies (12–14 Hz) in sleep stage 2 and performed
a power spectral analysis using fast Fourier transform techniques and compared sleep
spindles with the variability of reaction time in CPT.
Results
In the CPT, reaction variabilities in ADHD and ADHD + ASD significantly differed from
those in TDC. Twelve-hertz spindles were mainly distributed in the frontal pole and
frontal area and 14-Hz spindles in the central area. The ratio of 12-Hz frontal spindle
power was higher in ADHD than in TDC, especially in ADHD + ASD. Significant correlation
between the ratio of 12-Hz spindles and reaction time variability was observed.
Conclusions
Twelve-hertz frontal spindle EEG activity may have positive associations with sustained
attention function. Slow frontal spindles may be useful as a biomarker of inattention
in children with ADHD.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 13, 2019
Accepted:
May 20,
2019
Received in revised form:
April 26,
2019
Received:
February 27,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
