Abstract
Background
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a chronic neurological disorder observed
in children. DCD is characterized by slowness in activities and motor impairment that
affects the children’s daily living and academic achievements, and later their professional
and social behavior. Our aim in this work was to report characteristics frequencies
in a group of children with DCD and to propose a subtyping of DCD characteristics.
Methods
Thirty three clinical DCD characteristics, the mostly reported in the literature,
were assessed in 129 patients, boys and girls aged from 4 years to 18 years, and their subtyping was proposed. The statistical analyses were carried out
with the Chi square, the t-test and the correlation for the statistical differences,
and with the Ward clustering method for subtyping.
Results
We found that there were 3.17 boys for one girl, all patients were characterized as
slow, 47% were left-handers or ambidextrous, 36% and 26% had orofacial and verbal
dyspraxia, respectively, 83% were found anxious, and 84% were described as being clumsy.
Conclusions
It appears from these results that a child with DCD expresses more than a single difficulty.
Three subtypes emerged from the statistical analysis in this study: (1) clumsiness
and other characteristics except language difficulties; (2) self-esteem and peer relation
without clumsiness and language difficulties; (3) language difficulties and orofacial
dyspraxia.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Brain and DevelopmentAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Motor assessment in developmental coordination disorder: from identification to intervention.Int J Dis Dev Educ. 2008; 55: 113-129
- Developmental coordination disorder.Phys Ther. 2003; 83: 722-731
- Motor skill learning in children with developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 2047-2055
- Developmental coordination impairments in adulthood.Hum Mov Sci. 2003; 22: 433-459
- Emerging adulthood in developmental co-ordination disorder: parent and young adult perspectives.Res Dev Disabil. 2011; 32: 1351-1360
- Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study.J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39: 1424-1431
- Terminology used in research reports of developmental coordination disorder.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006; 48: 937-941
APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC; 2013.
- Neurobiological bases and neurophysiological correlates of developmental coordination disorders (in French).Neurophysiol Clin. 2012; 42: 11-17
- Quality of life domains affected in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review.Child Care Health Dev. 2013; 39: 562-580
- Early identification and risk management of children with developmental coordination disorder.Pediatr Phys Ther. 2003; 15: 32-38
- Error analysis of limb and orofacial praxis in children with developmental motor deficits.Brain Cogn. 1993; 23: 203-221
- European academy for childhood disability (EACD): recommendations on the definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (long version).Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012; 54: 54-93
- Why bother about clumsiness? The implications of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD).Neural Plast. 2003; 10: 59-68
- The inability to mentally represent action may be associated with performance deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder.Int J Neurosci. 2011; 121: 113-120
- A trajectory of troubles: parents’ impressions of the impact of developmental coordination disorder.Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2007; 27: 81-101
- Anxiety profiles in children with and without developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2011; 32: 1253-1259
- Practitioner review: approaches to assessment and treatment of children with DCD: an evaluative review.J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2005; 46: 806-823
- Activities and participation in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review.Res Dev Disabil. 2011; 32: 1309-1316
- Comparing activity patterns, biological, and family factors in children with and without developmental coordination disorder.Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2013; 33: 174-185
- Dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder? Unravelling the enigma.Arch Dis Child. 2007; 92: 534-539
- Children with developmental coordination disorders.J R Soc Med. 2007; 100: 182-186
- Assessments used to diagnose developmental coordination disorder: do their underlying constructs match the diagnostic criteria?.Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2013; 33: 186-198
- Structural validity of the movement ABC-2 test: factor structure comparisons across three age groups.Res Dev Disabil. 2011; 32: 1361-1369
- Co-occurring disorders: a possible key to visual perceptual deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder?.Hum Mov Sci. 2008; 27: 154-169
- The neurological examination of the child with minor nervous dysfunction.Heinmann Medical Books, London1970
- Examination of the child with minor neurological dysfunction.Spastics International Medical Publications with Heinemann Medical, London1979
- Examination of the child with minor neurological dysfunction.3rd ed. Mac Keith Press, London2010
- Neural underpinnings of impaired predictive motor timing in children with developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 1478-1487
- Parietal dysfunction in developmental coordination disorder: a functional MRI study.NeuroReport. 2009; 20: 1319-1324
- Distinct patterns of cortical thinning in concurrent motor and attention disorders.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015; 57: 257-264
- Developmental coordination disorder: disruption of the cerebello-cerebral network evidenced by SPECT.Cerebellum. 2010; 9: 405-410
- Functional connectivity of neural motor networks is disrupted in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Neuroimage Clin. 2014; 4: 566-575
- Dysfunction of the attentional brain network in children with developmental coordination disorder: a fMRI study.Brain Res. 2008; 1244: 89-102
- Brain activation associated with motor skill practice in children with developmental coordination disorder: an fMRI study.Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011; 29: 145-152
- Developmental coordination disorder: a pilot diffusion tensor imaging study.Pediatr Neurol. 2012; 46: 162-167
- Subtyping of developmental motor deficits.Dev Neuropsychol. 1994; 10: 265-284
- Subtypes of developmental coordination disorder.APAQ. 1994; 11: 158-169
- Subtypes of students with learning disabilities based upon gross motor functions.Adapt Phys Activ Q. 1994; 11: 368-382
- Subtypes of developmental coordination disorder: research on their nature and etiology.Dev Neuropsychol. 2011; 36: 614-643
- Developmental coordination disorder: a review of research on subtypes and comorbidities.Hum Mov Sci. 2003; 22: 479-493
- Attention deficits and clumsiness in Swedish 7-year-old children.Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998; 40: 796-804
- Prevalence of developmental coordination disorder using the DSM-IV at 7 years of age: a UK population-based study.Pediatrics. 2009; 123: e693-e700
- Clinical expression of developmental coordination disorder in a large Canadian family.Paediatr Child Health. 2008; 13: 763-768
- Left-handedness and developmental coordination disorder.Can J Psychiatry. 2008; 53: 696-699
- Handedness and developmental coordination disorder in Portuguese children: study with the M-ABC test.Laterality. 2014; 19: 655-676
- Handedness in patients with developmental coordination disorder.J Child Neurol. 2008; 23: 151-154
- Developmental changes in lateralized inhibition of symmetric movements in children with and without developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 2523-2532
- Cerebellar involvement in clumsiness and other developmental disorders.Neural Plast. 2003; 10: 141-153
- Dyslexia, dysgraphia, procedural learning and the cerebellum.Cortex. 2011; 47: 117-127
- L’examen psychomoteur chez les jeunes enfants présentant un trouble du langage oral.Rééducation Orthophonique. 2007; 231: 99-112
- Similarities and dissimilarities between the movement ABC-2 and the Zurich neuromotor assessment in children with suspected developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2014; 35: 3148-3155
- French Canadian cross-cultural adaptation of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire ’07: DCDQ-FC.Can J Occup Ther. 2011; 78: 318-327
- The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood.Am J Psychiatry. 2010; 167: 1357-1363
- Intact procedural motor sequence learning in developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 1974-1981
- The search for subtypes of DCD: is cluster analysis the answer?.Hum Mov Sci. 2001; 20: 49-72
- Assessing the similarity of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes among fecal Escherichia coli isolates from two aggregated occupational cohorts of humans versus swine using cluster analysis and multivariate statistics.Prev Vet Med. 2010; 94: 77-83
- Comparison of distance measures in cluster analysis with dichotomous data.J Data Sci. 2005; 3: 85-100
- Developmental coordination disorder in children with specific language impairment: co-morbidity and impact on quality of life.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 756-763
- Efficacy of interventions to improve motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013; 55: 229-237
- Gross motor performance and self-perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review.Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009; 51: 501-517
- Children with deficits in attention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years.J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994; 35: 1255-1271
- Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialities 2013.Canadian Pharmacists Assoc, Ottawa2013
- Clumsiness in children–do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study.Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991; 33: 55-68
- Evaluation of clumsiness in children.Am Fam Physician. 2002; 66 (1435-40): 379
- Activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder: dressing, personal hygiene, and eating skills.Hum Mov Sci. 2008; 27: 215-229
- Parents, educators and children: perceptions on dyspraxia 2013.Univ Free State, South Africa2013
- Motor and functional skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: a pilot investigation of measurement issues.Hum Mov Sci. 2003; 22: 461-478
- Is severity of motor coordination difficulties related to co-morbidity in children at risk for developmental coordination disorder?.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 3084-3091
- A dyspraxic deficit in specific language impairment and developmental coordination disorder? Evidence from hand and arm movements.Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998; 40: 388-395
- Can balance trampoline training promote motor coordination and balance performance in children with developmental coordination disorder?.Res Dev Disabil. 2015; 36: 13-19
- Everyday memory in children with developmental coordination disorder.Res Dev Disabil. 2013; 34: 687-694
- Clumsiness in adolescence: educational, motor, and social outcomes of motor delay detected at 5 years.Adapt Phys Activ Q. 1994; 11: 115-129
- Socialization and behavioral problems of elementary school pupils with developmental coordination disorder.Percept Mot Skills. 2005; 101: 163-173
- Toward an understanding of developmental coordination disorder: terminological and diagnostic issues.Neural Plast. 2003; 10: 1-13
- Deficits of visuospatial attention with reflexive orienting induced by eye-gazed cues in children with developmental coordination disorder in the lower extremities: an event-related potential study.Res Dev Disabil. 2010; 31: 642-655
- Developmental coordination disorder in school-aged children born very preterm and/or at very low birth weight: a systematic review.J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2011; 32: 678-687
Article info
Publication history
Published online: January 04, 2016
Accepted:
December 21,
2015
Received in revised form:
December 18,
2015
Received:
October 27,
2015
Identification
Copyright
© 2015 The Japanese Society of Child Neurology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
