The last few years have brought major conceptual advances in the field of pediatric
neurosciences, changing it into a very different area of medicine and research than
that of our predecessors. Two key components are responsible for these dramatic developments:
neuroimaging, whereby the neurological signs previously identified can now be localized
to specific regions or circuits in the brain; and molecular genetics, whereby the
neurological phenotypes are now tentatively correlated with specific genotypes. Neuroimaging
and molecular genetics have caused several important advances to be made in cognitive
and behavioral neurology, as well as in the understanding of the neurobiology underlying
the clinical picture of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is one
of the most common neurobehavioral disorders with onset in early childhood, and is
now viewed as a potentially chronic heterogeneous condition, with prominent associated
symptoms and impairments that affect several aspects of the daily life function. Epidemiologic
studies suggest that 3–7% of school-age children and 4–5% of adolescents and young
adults meet the criteria for ADHD established in the DSM-IV-TR [
[1]
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© 2005 Elsevier B.V. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
